High hardness: For example, silicon nitride ceramics have high hardness and can be used to make wear-resistant parts and cutting tools.
Good thermal shock resistance: Its thermal expansion coefficient is small and it is not easy to break when the temperature changes sharply.
High heat resistance: It can maintain good performance in a high-temperature environment. For example, boron nitride can be used below 2800℃ in an inert atmosphere, silicon nitride can be used up to 1400℃ in an oxidizing atmosphere, and can even be used up to 1850℃ in a neutral or reducing atmosphere.
Excellent chemical stability: It is resistant to corrosion by all inorganic acids and certain alkali solutions except hydrofluoric acid, and it neither wets nor reacts to most molten metals. For example, silicon nitride ceramics have good chemical corrosion resistance; hexagonal boron nitride has good corrosion resistance to acids, alkalis, and glass slag.
Good electrical insulation: The breakdown voltage of boron nitride is 4-5 times that of alumina, and the dielectric constant is 1/2 of that of alumina; aluminum nitride has high volume resistivity and insulation withstand voltage, and is also a good electrical insulation material, which can be used as an insulation material for ultra-high voltage wires.
Self-lubrication: Hexagonal boron nitride has self-lubrication and can be used for mechanical seals, and high-temperature solid lubricants, and can also be used as fillers for metals and ceramics to make bearings.
High thermal conductivity: The thermal conductivity of aluminum nitride is high, 2-3 times that of aluminum oxide, and its strength during hot pressing is higher than that of aluminum oxide. It can be used in high-strength and high-thermal conductivity occasions, such as substrates for large-scale integrated circuits.
However, nitride ceramics also have some disadvantages:
High cost: The production process usually requires high temperature and high-pressure conditions, and some raw materials are expensive, resulting in high production costs. For example, the preparation of aluminum nitride powder requires high temperature, and high energy consumption, and its purification requires additional processes, resulting in high prices for aluminum nitride powder.
Brittleness: Despite high hardness, it has poor toughness and is prone to cracking or breaking under impact or stress.
Some nitride ceramics have poor high-temperature oxidation resistance: For example, aluminum nitride is easy to absorbs moisture and hydrolyzes in the atmosphere, and has poor high-temperature oxidation resistance.
Difficult sintering: It is difficult to sinter and densify nitride ceramics, and special sintering methods and a small amount of additives are required to promote sintering.
Some nitride ceramics have limited corrosion resistance: For example, silicon nitride ceramics have poor stability and are easily corroded in corrosive environments such as strong acids and strong alkalis.
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